Techno-economic analysis of solar photovoltaic power plant
for garment zone of Jaipur city
Mevin Chandel, G.D. Agrawal, Sanjay Mathur, Anuj Mathur
n
Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India
article info
Article history:
Received 9 October 2013
Received in revised form
18 October 2013
Accepted 22 October 2013
Available online 6 November 2013
Keywords:
Solar power plant
On-site and off-site solar PV
Techno-economic analysis
Levelized cost of energy
Payback period
abstract
In this paper , the potential and the cost-effectiveness of a solar photov oltaic power plant for
meeting the energy demand of garment zone at Jaipur (India) is analyzed. Also, the energy
demand of garment zone for year 2011has been estimated (2.2 1 MW) and the design of the
solar PV power plant of 2.5 MW capacity has been proposed, which requires about 1 3.1 4 acres
of land area. Looking at the scarcity and cost of the land near the city, an off-site proposal for
the power plant has also been considered and compared with the on-site option. For the on-
site solar PV power plant internal rate of return (IRR) is 11.88%, NPV @ 1 0% discount rate is
119.52 million INR, simple payback period is 7.73 y ears and discount ed payback period @10% is
15.53 years, while for the off-site power plant IRR is 1 5.1 0%, NPV is 249.78 million INR, simple
payback period is 6.29 years and discounted payback period is 10.14 years. Levelized cost of
energy is Rs. 1 4.94 and Rs. 11.40 per kW h for on-si te and off-s ite solar PV plants respectively @
10% discount rate, which is quite attractiv e.
& 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1. Introduction
Garment zone of Sitapura industrial area comprises of 44 industries and the main product of the zone is cotton cloth.
These industries use sewing machines, interlocking machines, hydro machines, washing machines and drier machines,
which utilize electricity while power presses consume steam. Electricity is also needed for lighting gadgets, fans and air
conditioners. Here electricity is outsourced from the state electricity grid and steam is produced locally by diesel fired
boilers. Industries also have diesel generators as a standby power supply source.
The average energy demand of the garment zone was 1.84 MW
e
in 2011 and it varied monthly. These days getting a
continuous and uninterrupted supply of energy has become the largest problem for industries, especially for the garment
sector, where production gets affected by frequent power cuts. The backup diesel generators have a very high operation cost
and are not a clean source of energy either. So there is great need for a sustainable and clean source of energy; solar energy
is the largest available carbon-neutral renewable energy source which can meet the energy demand of garment zone.
A 5 MW SPV power plant was designed [1] for 50 cities of Iran, using RETScreen software and the highest capacity factor was
found at Bushehr and lower at Anzali, i.e. 26.1% and 1 6.5% respecti vely with a mean capacity factor of 22.27%. A computer program
was designed [2] for q uick evaluation and optimization of fuel sa ving, battery lifetime, inv estment costs, and the total annual cost of
the project for a 35 kW h ybrid PV–diesel power plant along with the feasibility study under climatic conditions of southern Algeria.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/csite
Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
2214-157X & 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2013.10.002
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: anujmathur89@yahoo.com, anujmathur15@gmail.com (A. Mathur).
Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 2 (2014) 1–7
Open access under CC BY-NC-SA license.
Open access under CC BY-NC-SA license.
A viability analysis [3] of a 10 MW PV-grid connected power plant taking 29 metrological sites in Egypt was carried out.
Renewable energy production and capacity factor was found to be minimum at Safaga and maximum at Wahat Kharga, i.e.
24.202 GW h/year, 27.6% and 29.493 GW h/year, 33.7%, respectively. Another viability analysis was conducted [4] to find the
option of PV power plant in the Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) countries and study showed that the at present PV
technology is not a cost-effective option for the GCC countries because of existing lower electricity tariff, higher PV system
cost and lower system efficiency. A solar power plant situated in the Kingdom of Bahrain [5] produced 12 MW (32 kW per
day) from PV panels installed at the windows and roofs of two buildings along with annual CO
2
reduction of 48,000 t and
revenue generation of €4,800,000 annually.
Studies [6] were conducted in Serbia to find out possibilities of generating electrical energy through 1 MW PV power
plants by taking different types of solar PV modules available and it was concluded that higher electricity is generated using
CdTe solar modules. Researchers [5,6] developed a computer software tool which integrates different types of PV power
plants parameters into a single system to verify/compare the performance and dynamic behavior of other researchers'
experimental, theoretical and simulation work for PV power plants.
In one study [9] a modular approach was adopted to meet the energy demand of six major cities in India up to year 2025
and solar PV electricity was suggested as the viable solution for meeting future energy demands. Other studies [10,11] also
found solar PV system as a reliable substitute to be considered in the Indian process industries, particularly in the garment
industry.
Several papers and research have been performed globally in order to evaluate the feasibility and performance of
different SPV power plants and it can be concluded that the PV power plant is a viable and feasible option to meet the power
requirement at present and in the future. The importance of PV plants is going to increase with the rising electricity tariffs.
In this paper a 2.5 MW on-site and off-site sola r photovoltaic power plant was designed along with the l and
require ment and economic analysis for the garment zone of indust rial area, Jaipur. The solar PV power plant has c apacity
to generate 10.03 GW h electricity in the first year of operation at 35.23% capacity factor for meeting the energy demand
of the sector.
2. Energy demand of garment zone
A questionnaire based survey was conducted from July to September, 2011 for energy demand estimation in garment
zone of Sitapura industrial area, Jaipur. After the primary survey the questionnaire was modified and used. The
questionnaire comprised of the monthly energy demand in terms of heat and power for each individual industry, number
of different type of machines, their energy consumption and duration of operation, etc. The estimated average monthly
energy requirement for 44 industries is summarized in Table 1 for the seven months of on-season (January–April and
October–December) and five months of off-season (May–September) along with the monthly demand on annual basis.
3. Design of solar photovoltaic power plant
The estimated peak power requirement of the zone was 2.21 MW in the month of February 2011 and considering the
expected increase in the future, a 2.5 MW solar PV power plant is considered for the garments zone. Design of solar
photovoltaic power plant (Fig. 2) consists of PV module sizing, inverter sizing, battery sizing and module circuit design. The
design methodology and technical specifications of the PV power plant are discussed in this section.
3.1. Panel generation factor
Panel generation factor (PGF) is a key element in the size determination of solar photovoltaic cells on the basis of total
watt peak rating and then for estimating the number of panels required for a particular SPV plant, which varies with the
solar intensity and sunshine period of the site. [12]
Panel generation factor ¼
Solar irradiance sunshine hours
Standard test conditions irradiance
¼
617 9:32
1000
¼ 5:75
Table 1
Monthly average electricity requirement of the industries.
Average on-season demand (kW h/month) Average off-season demand (kW h/month) Average annual demand (kW h/month)
634,175.07 439,643.5 553,120.3
M. Chandel et al. / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 2 (2014) 1–72
3.2. Energy required from PV modules
Energy required from PV modules can be calculated by multiplying peak energy requirement in kW h/day times 1.3 (the
energy lost in the system) to get the total kW h/day which must be provided by the panels
Peak energy requirement of the zone during the on-season period was¼634,175.07 kW h/month¼21,139.169 kW h/day
(Table 1)
Energy lost in the SPV system¼30% [12]
Energy required from PV modules¼1.3 21,139.169¼27,481 kW h/day
3.3. Total watt peak rating for PV modules
Total Watt peak rating is calculated using the energy required to be produced from the solar PV modules and the panel
generation factor. [12]
Total Watt peak rating for PV modules ¼
Energy required from PV modules
Panel generation factor
Total Watt peak rating for PV modules ¼
27481
5:75
¼ 4779 :30 kW
3.4. PV modules
SANYO HIT-215NHE5 (Hetero-junction with Intrinsic Thin layer) PV modules are selected for the power plant and the
solar cell of the module is made of a thin mono crystalline silicon wafer surrounded by ultra-thin amorphous silicon layers.
Characteristics of the HIT cell module are given in Table 2.
3.5. Number of PV modules required
Total numbers of PV modules required in the power plant are estimated by using the total watt peak rating required and
the PV module peak rated output. [12].
Number of PV modules required ¼
Total watt peak rating
PV module peak rated output
Number of PV modules required ¼
4779:3 10
3
215
¼ 22229:30– 22230 modules
3.6. Inverter sizing
Size of the inverter used in PV power plant depends on the total peak watts requirement. Total wattage required in
the garment zone was 2.5 MW. The inverter must be large enough to handle the total peak watt requirement of the zone at
Table 2
Characteristics of a HIT-215NHE5 PV module.
S. No. Parameter Units Values
1 Maximum power (P
max
)W215
2 Max. power voltage (V
pm
) V 42.0
3 Max. power current (I
pm
)A5.13
4 Open circuit voltage (V
OC
)V51.6
5 Short circuit current (I
SC
) A 5.61
6 Warranted minimum power (P
min
) W 204.3
7 Output power tolerance % þ10/-5
8 Maximum system voltage V
dc
1000
9 Temperature coefficient of P
max
%/1C 0.3
10 Temperature coefficient of V
OC
V/1C 0.129
11 Temperature coefficient of I
SC
mA/1C 1.68
Note 1: Standard test conditions: air mass 1.5, irradiance¼1000 W/m
2
, cell temperature¼25 1C.
Note 2: The values in the above table are nominal.
M. Chandel et al. / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 2 (2014) 1–7 3
any time. The inverter size should be 25–30% bigger [12] than the total wattage of the appliances and machines. Inverter
size¼2.5 MW 1.3 ¼ 3.25 MW.
SatCon PowerGate Plus 50 0 kW 480/3 Inverter [13] is considered for the PV power plant which has an inbuilt maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) system.
Number of inverters required¼ Inverter size/rating of an inverter¼7
Inverter wattage¼7 500¼ 3500 kW¼3.5 MW
MPPT is a fully electronic system that varies the electrical operating point of the modules so that the modules are able to
deliver maximum available power. MPPT is not a mechanical tracking system that “physically moves” the modules to make
them point directly towards the sun. Additional power harvested from the modules is then made available as increased
current [14].
3.7. Battery sizing
Total battery watt hours used per day¼21 . 14 10
6
W h/day
Battery loss¼ 15%
Depth of discharge for battery¼40%
Nominal battery voltage¼96 V [12]
Battery Capacity ðAhÞ¼
Total Watt hours per day used by appliances Days of autonomy
ð0:85 0:6 nominal battery voltageÞ
Battery Capacity ðAhÞ¼
21:14 10
6
1
0:85 0:6 96
¼ 431781 Ah
3.8. PV modules circuit
Maximum open circuit voltage¼780 V
dc
Open circuit voltage (V
OC
) of each PV module¼51.6 V
dc
Number of modules to be connected in series¼ð780=51:6Þ¼15:11–16
Maximum power voltage (V
mp
) of each PV module¼42 V
dc
Maximum power voltage (V
mp
) at inverter input¼16 42¼672 V
dc
Total number of PV arrays to be used for producing 672 V
dc
¼ð22230=16Þ¼1390 arrays
3.9. Land required
Number of PV modules required¼22,230
Dimension of one PV module¼ 1.57 m 0.798 m
Number of modules in an array connected in series (Fig. 1)¼16
Total width of each PV array¼16 0.798¼ 12.77 m
Length of one PV module¼1.57 m
Number of arrays in PV field¼1390
Number of arrays in a row¼ 16
Width of the solar field¼16 12.77¼205 m
Number of rows in solar field¼87
Pitch distance between two arrays (including module length of 1.57 m)¼ 3m[15]
Length of the solar field¼86 3þ1.57 ¼ 259.57 m
Land required for PV field¼ 205 259.57–53,212 m
2
¼13.14 acres
[1 acre¼4047 m
2
].
4. Off-site solar photovoltaic power plant
Sitapura industrial area is located in the vicinity of Jaipur city and there is a scarcity of land and the available lands are
very costly. Looking at the scarcity and high land prices near the city, off-site proposal of the power plant has also been
considered. In off-site solar power plant the design calculations for PV modules, inverter and land requirement are the same
except the cost of the land.
M. Chandel et al. / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 2 (2014) 1–74
5. Project cost
5.1. Module and inverter cost
Cost of each PV module¼ $528.9 [16]
Total cost of 22,230 module used for 2.5 MW ($1¼INR 50)¼ $11,757,447¼INR 587.87 million
Cost of each inverter of 500 kW capacity¼5.75 million INR [13]
Total cost of 7 inverters¼40.31 million INR
5.2. Design engineering and management cost
Labor cost for design, engineering and project management¼ Rs. 200/man-hour
Design, engineering and project management hours per kW
p
¼2h[17]
Total design, engineering and project management cost for 2.5 MW¼1.00 million INR
5.3. Installation labor cost
Labor cost for installation¼ Rs. 50/man-hour
Installation man-hour required for per kW
p
¼12 h
Total labor cost for installation of 2.5 MW PV power plant¼1.5 million INR (Table 3)
5.4. Operation and maintenance cost
Fixed O and M cost¼INR 5.48 million/MW h [18]
Variable O and M cost¼INR 4.95/MW h [18]
Fig. 1. Arrangement of a PV array consisting of 16 panels.
Fig. 2. On-site solar PV power plant.
M. Chandel et al. / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 2 (2014) 1–7 5
5.5. Capacity factor
Capacity factor is a key driver of the solar PV plant's economics. Majority of the expenses for a PV power plant are fixed in
nature and levelized cost of energy is used to correlate the utilization of the power plant. [19]
CF ¼
Annual kilowatt hours generated for each kilowatt AC peak capacity ðkWh=kWpÞ
8760 h in a year
Energy required to be generated from the plant¼21,139.17 kW h/day
Annual energy to be generated from the plant¼21,139.17 365¼7.716 10
6
kW h
Peak capacity requirement of the PV plant¼ 2.5 10
3
kW
p
CF ¼
7:716 10
6
=2:5 10
3
8760
¼ 0:3523 ¼ 35:23%
5.6. Levelized cost of energy
Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) is equivalent to the average price consumers would have to pay to exactly repay the
investor for the capital, O&M and fuel costs with a rate of return equal to the discount rate. For this SPV power plant LCOE
are Rs. 14.94/kW h and 11.40/kW h for on-site and off-site PV power plant respectively, taking the 25 year life of the power
plant @ 10% discount rate (Table 4).
6. Financial analysis
Four scenarios are considered for financial analysis of the power project viz (i) pre-tax scenario, (ii) post-tax scenario,
(iii) pre-tax with equity and (iv) post-tax with equity for both on-site and off-site options. The financial analysis is carried
out considering the 25 years of plant life. In pre-tax scenario financial performances for the project are determined without
Table 3
Project cost of PV power plant of 2.5 MW capacity.
S. No. Particular for off-site PV power plant Million INR
1 Module cost 587.87
2 Array structure 23.12
3 Electrical items 32.30
4 Inverters 40.31
5 Design, engineering and project management cost 1.00
6 Total labor cost for installation 1.50
7 Installation hardware—civil, shade, Fencing 5.00
8 Packing and Freight 0.50
Total cost for off-site plant 691.6
Additional cost for on-site PV power plant
9 Land cost 207.56
10 Batteries 22.50
Total cost for on-site plant 921.66
Table 4
Levelized cost of energy for SPV plant for different discount rates and project life.
Discount rate (%) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15
Life of plant (years) (ON-SITE) LCOE (Rs./kW h)
25 11.46 12.28 13.14 14.03 14.94 15.88 16.83 19.80
20 12.43 13.22 14.03 14.87 15.74 16.62 17.53 20.35
15 14.15 14.90 15.67 16.46 17.26 18.09 18.94 21.58
(OFF-SITE) LCOE (Rs./kW h)
25 8.78 9.40 10.05 10.71 11.40 12.10 12.81 15.04
20 9.51 10.10 10.72 11.35 11.99 12.66 13.34 15.46
15 10.81 11.37 11.94 12.53 13.14 13.76 14.40 16.38
M. Chandel et al. / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 2 (2014) 1–76
considering the tax and duties. For post-tax scenario 0% tax is taken for first 10 years and 4% afterwards is specified for the
solar power plant in Rajasthan. Also, 7% depreciation is considered for first ten years and 1.33% afterwards [20].
Pre-tax and post-tax analysis with equity share of 70% of total investment is considered by taking loans from financial
institutions with 11.75% interest rate. Loan term and interest rate is taken as specified by World Bank [21]. An additional
cash flow i.e. yearly installment of the loan has also come into the analysis (Table 5).
7.. Conclusion
Study has been carried out to assess the technical feasibility and economic viability of a 2.5 MW capacity solar
photovoltaic power plant for meeting the energy demand of garment zone, Jaipur considering on-site and off-site options.
For this power generation total 22,230 PV modules are required with 16 modules in each row. Seven inverters with MPPT
controller of 3.5 MW capacity and battery bank of 431,781 Ah are required to supply the power and the total land area
required is 13.11 acres.
In on-site power plant PV modules are placed also on the roof of industries and modules are connected to a centralized
battery bank and inverter. For off-site SPV power plant no battery bank is required as all the power generated is supplied to
the grid simultaneously and a centralized inverter is used with a step-up transformer.
The power plant can generate 10.03 GW h electricity in first year at 35.23% plant capacity factor. After 25 years,
considering cumulative degradation of 11.01%, electricity generation from the plant will be i.e. 8.96GW h. Levelised cost of
energy (LCOE) is Rs. 14.94/kW h and 11.40/kW h for on-site and off-site PV power plants respectively, considering 25 years of
plant life @ 10% discount rate.
Financial performance indicators (internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV) and payback periods) are
analyzed for four financial cases i.e. pre-tax analysis, post-tax analysis, equity analysis pre-tax and equity analysis post-tax.
Financial analysis shows that the off-site PV power generation option is better because of land scarcity near the city.
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Table 5
Financial analysis for proposed SPV (Price in million INR).
Analysis Pre-tax Post-tax Pre-tax with equity Post-tax with equity
On site Off site On site Off site On site Off site On site Off site
NPV @ 10% 119.52 249.78 108.39 238.49 135.30 211.37 124.09 200.16
NPV @ 15% 142.48 3.39 147.76 1.95 17.36 60.24 22.67 54.93
IRR (%) 11.88 15.10 11.88 14.94 14.18 18.92 13.91 18.64
Simple payback period (years) 7.73 6.29 7.73 6.29 10.39 6.27 10.39 6.27
Discounted payback period (years) @ 10% 15.53 10.14 15.53 10.14 15.21 9.65 15.44 9.65
Discounted payback period (years) @ 15% Never 17.18 Never 17.50 26.33 13.24 28.61 13.24
M. Chandel et al. / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 2 (2014) 1–7 7